一、S/O —— Shipping Order（装货单）
别称：订舱确认书、提柜单、落货纸、订舱纸
定义：货主（或货代）向船公司提交订舱申请（Booking）预约舱位，船公司审核资料后，向货主或货代签发的订舱确认文件与装船指令。
核心环节：
- 订舱确认：货代向船公司提交订舱申请，船公司确认有舱位后发放 S/O，表明舱位已分配、订舱信息生效。
- 提柜装柜：车队凭 S/O 打单，到指定堆场提取空箱，运至工厂装货后，将重柜还回码头。
- 报关流程：重柜还场后，堆场向海关发送运抵信息，海关收到信息后才可正式报关。
- 装船作业：S/O 是提柜、装船的关键凭证，货代需凭此在码头堆场办理手续，并按 S/O 要求完成操作。
二、B/L —— Bill of Lading（提单）
定义：由承运人（船公司）或其授权代理（货代）签发，兼具运输合同证明、货物收据、物权凭证三大属性，是国际贸易中最核心的货运单据。
分类：
- 船东提单（MBL）：发货人为起运港货代，收货人通常为货代在目的港的分公司或代理。
- 货代提单（HBL）：发货人为实际货主；信用证结算时，收货人常显示 “TO ORDER（凭指示）”，最终提货方根据后续背书确定。
特殊操作 —— 分单（Split B/L）：例如发货人 A 原将 2 吨货物卖给收货人 B，若货物在海运途中需新增收货人 C，拆分为各交付 1 吨（即 “浮动货物买卖”），船公司可接受分单操作。
三、D/O —— Delivery Order（提货单）
别称：小提单
定义：进口环节提取货物的必备核心凭证，主要用于目的港清关与提货，仅由目的港收货人领取使用。
核心流程：
- 货物装船后，船公司向托运人签发提单（B/L）。
- 托运人将提单转交收货人。
- 货物抵达目的港后，收货人凭提单（B/L）向船公司换取提货单（D/O）。
- 收货人凭 D/O 在港口办理清关、提货手续，完成提货。
注意事项：D/O 记载信息与提单基本一致，关键区别是D/O 必须加盖相关官方印章才生效，如检验检疫章、海关放行章等。
四、S/O、B/L、D/O 核心区别
- S/O：不可流通，仅用于出口环节，是一次性的装货与操作指示文件。
- B/L：可流通，是国际贸易中重要的物权凭证，也可作为支付依据，全程通用。
- D/O：不可流通，仅用于进口环节，是收货人提取对应货物的一次性凭证
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1. S/O — Shipping Order
Also known as: Booking Confirmation, Container Release Order, Loading Slip, Booking Sheet
Definition:A document issued by the shipping carrier to the shipper (or freight forwarder) to confirm space booking and authorize loading, after the carrier reviews the Booking (booking application) submitted by the shipper/forwarder.
Key Processes:
- Booking Confirmation: The forwarder submits a booking request to the carrier. If space is available, the carrier issues an S/O to confirm space allocation and valid booking details.
- Container Pick-up & Loading: The trucking team uses the S/O to process documentation, picks up an empty container from the designated yard, delivers it to the factory for loading, and returns the loaded container to the port.
- Customs Declaration: After the loaded container is returned to the yard, the yard sends arrival information to Customs. Formal customs declaration can only begin once Customs receives this information.
- Vessel Loading: The S/O serves as the core document for container pick-up and loading. The forwarder must complete port and yard procedures using the S/O and follow all instructions on it.
2. B/L — Bill of Lading
Definition:A document issued by the carrier (shipping company) or its authorized agent (freight forwarder). It serves three functions: evidence of the contract of carriage, receipt for goods, and document of title. It is the core shipping document in international trade.
Classifications:
- Master Bill of Lading (MBL): Shipper is the forwarder at the port of loading; Consignee is usually the forwarder’s branch or agent at the destination port.
- House Bill of Lading (HBL): Shipper is the actual cargo owner. Under letter of credit terms, the consignee is often marked “TO ORDER”, with the final receiver determined by subsequent endorsements.
Special Operation — Split B/L:For example, Shipper A originally sells 2 tons of goods to Consignee B. If an additional Consignee C is added during transit, with 1 ton delivered to each party (a type of floating cargo sale), the carrier may allow splitting the bill of lading.
3. D/O — Delivery Order
Also known as: Delivery Slip
Definition:An essential and core document for picking up goods in the import process. It is mainly used for customs clearance and cargo collection at the destination port, and is only issued to the consignee at the destination.
Key Process:
- After goods are loaded on board, the carrier issues a Bill of Lading (B/L) to the shipper.
- The shipper sends the B/L to the consignee.
- When goods arrive at the destination port, the consignee exchanges the B/L for a Delivery Order (D/O) with the carrier.
- The consignee completes customs clearance and picks up goods at the port using the D/O.
Notes:Information on the D/O is mostly consistent with the B/L. The key difference is that the D/O must be stamped by official authorities to take effect — such as an inspection and quarantine stamp after clearance, and a customs release stamp after customs approval.
4. Core Differences Between S/O, B/L and D/O
- S/O: Non-negotiable, a one-time instruction document used only for export loading and operations.
- B/L: Negotiable, serves as an important document of title in international trade and can be used as a payment instrument, valid throughout the shipment process.
- D/O: Non-negotiable, a one-time document only for the consignee to take delivery of specific goods at the import stage.
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